Many philosophers and LOGICians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and LOGIC. The author of this paper, working within a Bolzanoan-Husserlian tradition of studying both ontology and LOGIC, considers ontology as the science of the most general features of beings and the most general relations among them. He considers LOGIC as the science concerning the most general statements of all (natural or artificial) languages and the most general relations among them from an inferential point of view. It is possible to see LOGIC in a broader sense as the science of all kinds of relations among all kinds of entities, acts, and processes stating some (objective, subjective, artificial, or conventional) reality. These entities, acts, and processes are not individual, rather, they are idealized, such that their universals may be instantiated at all times and in all places. In FORMAL ontology we search for the properties of those structures of the reality that are FORMALly similar. So we may find some FORMAL truths applying to all things and/or properties and/or processes in different areas of objective/subjective/fictional reality.Surveying briefly the most important relations of LOGIC and ontology in both analytic and phenomenoLOGICal traditions, the author focuses on this central point: If reality is one as the unity of more or less interconnected and interactive beings of all physical, nonphysical and artificial types, the system of inference too may be one as the unity of more or less interconnected statements of all natural and artificial types. The universal system of inference may be divided into several relatively separate subsystems (having a more or less degree of connection) just as the unified reality has divided into several relatively separate fields (having a more or less degree of connection and interaction). According to such a model for corresponding realities and sciences within the unified reality and the unified science, the author assumes the possibility of beginning to construct both the comprehensive system of reference and the comprehensive FORMAL ontology, both covering all possible members of their own field and being parallel and correspondent to each other, a long-run work, of course, very difficult to do.

The holy Quran has different levels of meaning. Considering the holy Quran as an interconnected whole, considering a chapter, considering a verse and finally considering a Quranic word, each has its particular properties and rules. As the exegetic method of verse by verse is used for verses, it can also be used as a FORMAL LOGIC for perceiving the meaning of Quranic words. This paper has intended to propose a FORMAL LOGIC for perceiving the meaning of Quranic words as the methodology for finding the meanings of Quranic words.

The Options granted in International Accounting Standard No.7 in relation to the classification of four items of interest and income received and paid leads to diverse classifications in the form of cash flows and the ability to compare flows Reduce the historical cash of different companies. The purpose of the present research is to solve this challenge by designing and presenting a new model for the cash flow form using FORMAL LOGIC. The model is designed to meet the three goals of increasing the comparability of cash flow, adaptation of this form with the conceptual framework of Financial Reporting, the development of useful information related to cash flows. Therefore, in this study, by using the deductive reasoning, the classification of the four items mentioned is limited. The two interest and dividends received will be reflected in the category of investment activities and interest and dividends paid in the financing activities. In addition, in the proposed model, two subcategories and an interdisciplinary cluster have been developed under the title of interest of financial instruments and the cost of paying for financial resources that are innovative and innovative in terms of presentation and position, and can lead to Creating new financial ratios, such as the quality of profits, is the maintenance of financial instruments. The use of systematic deductive devices in creating a new model of cash flow forms and verifying this model through a special method of verifying the theorems is considered as one of the other innovations of the present study. The new model, despite the change in the international model, has been designed in a way that is not in conflict with the requirements of International Standard No.7 and is applicable in the framework of the implementation of international standards.

The meaning of concepts "apriori, necessary, evident, certainty" seem to be clear, however, their application in different situations and discussions of LOGIC are varied. According to these different situations and discussions, their meanings change to some extent. In this paper, it is attempted to make these positions and different meanings clear.

Usually two-dimensional substitution is used for the production of integrated circuits. Due to heavy use of communications, two-dimensional substitution has high losses as well as, density of elements is low in it. To resolve this problem, three-dimensional substitution method was proposed. Rather than the two-dimensional arrangement of elements in a row, elements are layout in three dimensions in this substitution. In this paper, three-dimensional substitution algorithms using order used in two-dimensional substitution, three-dimensional substitution analysis by mPL and three-dimensional substitution simultaneous with two-dimensional substitution by mPL have been studied in terms of structure and function, and a butterfly processing element (PE) and an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block and a wireless MIMO decoder to assess them have been implemented with the mentioned methods. . Applying these methods shows that the use of face to face integration by microbuses in communications of substitution algorithm, on average, improves the maximum clock and block speed of AES encryption to 15. 3% and the maximum clock and block speed of PE module to 22. 6% as well as the maximum clock and speed of MIMO modules to 17. 1%, while the use of these methods has led to the average reduction in power consumption of 2. 6% for the AES module and the average reduction in power of 12. 9% for the PE module and the average reduction in power consumption of 5. 1% for MIMO module.

Mathematics and especially problem solving, has a major role in the growth of awareness and the emergence of potential human capabilities, and therefore it causes the development of human resources, which is the main goal of educational activities in every country. In this regard, sometimes a problem without algebraic reasoning or with boring algebraic reasoning, with the help of a geometric similarity and analogy, which is a kind of visualization, can be made so simple and beautiful that all aspects of the problem can be seen almost at a glance. If a student can show his thoughts in the form of pictures instead of thinking in words, then solving some abstract and distant problems will be easier and more pleasant for him. Therefore, illustration, explanation and intuition are important for teaching mathematics. Mathematics is the language of science and intuitive thinking of mathematics is the way to develop mathematics, and is accompanied by intuitive explanations and images in the primary course, and intuitive thinking is used in the goals of school mathematics education for thematic communication and connection. In this article, we will criticize and examine intuitive thinking by presenting some examples from textbooks.1. IntroductionThe educational goals and its methods have many similarities in different countries of the world, and comparing the level of their achievement makes researchers aware of the influence of various factors involved in the teaching and teaching-learning process. They have, it has done. Some of these factors and elements such as textbooks and training programs are prepared by subject specialists and some other factors such as the shape and structure of the education system such as teaching hours and evaluation methods. Education is defined by education specialists. But some other factors are related to students’ beliefs and expectations. And teachers are concerned about their roles and goals of educational activities. Teachers and students come to class with different interests, beliefs and motivations, and their beliefs and motivations have a determining effect on the teaching-learning process.2. Main ResaltsLearning processes in mathematics has become a principle. Mathematics is a science that has internal order and harmony and is considered for the purpose of  ultivating intellectual order and increasing the power of thinking and LOGICal reasoning as well as mental creativity. In all courses, to solve the problem, processes such as drawing, transforming the problem into a simpler problem, transforming the problem into a sub-problem, deleting undesirable situations, etc. are emphasized. The thinking process of solving the problem is different for different people. In 1945, by writing the book ”How to solve a problem”, George Polia provided a model or framework for solving the problem. (See [9] and [7]). Polya tried to model the thinking of solving the problem. He proposed a four-stage model. In the process of solving these four stages, four steps are taken to solve a mathematical problem completely. 3. ConclusionsEveryone acknowledges the fact that education, especially math education, is very complicated and requires ability, skill along with patience and interest. This rule is used in the teaching resources of the general mathematics that ”in most cases, approximate answers are more appropriate than exact answers.” In this article, we will examine a strategy to achieve this goal. This approach has this feature that covers both types of general mathematical thinking. In fact, regarding this issue that ”mathematical education is not equivalent to learning processes” and there should be a relationship between facts and mathematical education. If it is acceptable, and also to build a bridge between school and non-school mathematics and FORMAL and inFORMAL education, we will pay. In other words, intuitive LOGIC besides visual LOGIC can be effective in teaching mathematics.

The development of modern FORMAL LOGIC has introduced new methods of distinguishing the form of propositions from their content. This has disclosed some instances of syntax - semantics confusion in traditional LOGIC. Some modern LOGICians hold that the rule of conversion is based on such confusion. Since this rule is basic in traditional LOGIC, revision of its validity implies far-reaching LOGICal consequences. Having closely examined the case, we see that some presuppositions, interpretations and rules in traditional LOGIC different from those of modern LOGIC emerge as the reason why a real difference exists between these two LOGICal systems accounting for the validity of even conversion in the former. Neglecting these differences has led to the said criticism.

We know for LOGIC two systems: the Ancient LOGIC and the Modern LOGIC, which are inconsistent in some points of view. In this paper, I want to see if Ancient LOGIC, versus Modern LOGIC, is really one LOGIC, has one set of rules, and introduces one methodology. There are many disagreements on the number and the exact formulation of the valid rules of Ancient Predicate LOGIC. For instance, the various formulations of the Obversion and Contraposition (the congruent and the opposite) can be mentioned as evidence for the claim. Since Aristotle has not spoken of contraposition, it can be concluded that adding the two forms of contraposition to his LOGICal rules provide us with two new LOGICal systems, in which the formulations of the quantified propositions differ from that in Aristotle’s system. Also, since there have appeared different theories on Congruent Contraposition and the Obvertion between Muslim LOGICians, the number of the systems has reached the six. In this paper, introducing an exact definition for each of these systems, I present suitable formulations for the quantified propositions at the mentioned six systems.

Definition, as the LOGICians say, is a mechanism for getting the unknown part in imaginations. For knowing something truly, there is no way except resorting to definition. Now the question is where and when definition can have such a usage. Finding a part of the answer will derive us to discussion about the conditions of definition, some of which are the FORMAL conditions. Among the most important FORMAL conditions of definition are the composition and the way the elements of definition are formulated. However, accepting these conditions necessitates more discussions; this shows the complexity of this discussion and leads us to the fact that definition is not just a LOGICal discussion; rather, it has a philosophical and epistemoLOGICal identity as well as linguistic dimensions.

Quantum mechanics replaced the traditional mechanics in the early twentieth century. To study Schrodinger’ s wave equation, whose position in this new mechanics is like the status of Newton’ s movement laws in traditional mechanics, numerous philosophical statements have been offered, one of which is ‘ quantum LOGIC’ . The founders of quantum LOGIC claim that on the basis of their observations in quantum level, the traditional LOGIC, which previously served as the measurement for right and wrong arguments, lacks the proper efficiency and must be replaced by one of the expressions of quantum LOGIC. In the present article, while shortly introducing quantum mechanics and quantum LOGIC, we have avoided entering the FORMAL discussions of quantum LOGIC and used analytical method to investigate the possibility of replacing the traditional LOGIC with quantum LOGIC. According to this study, it was clarified that one must regard quantum LOGIC just as a mathematical formulization, not an alternative LOGIC, because firstly it is dependent on a certain statement of Schrodinger’ s equation, and secondly, one must use traditional LOGIC to falsify it. Applying this LOGIC to traditional and quantum LOGIC would result in truth and falsehood of both LOGICs and not falsehood of traditional LOGIC and truth of alternative LOGIC.